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Hamas

Hamas
حركة المقاومة الاسلامية
Hamas emblem
LeaderNot publicly disclosed.[1]
Senior members
Khaled Mashaal,
Ismail Haniyah,
Mahmoud Zahar
Founded1987
HeadquartersGaza
IdeologyPalestinian nationalism,
Islamism[2][3][4],
Religious nationalism
Conservatism

Hamas (حماس Ḥamās, an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah, meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement") is an Islamic Palestinian socio-political organization which includes a paramilitary force, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.[5][6] Since June 2007, Hamas has governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories.

Hamas was created in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi and Mohammad Taha of the Palestinian wing of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood at the beginning of the First Intifada, an uprising against Israeli rule in the Palestinian Territories. Hamas launched numerous suicide bombings against Israel,[7] the first of them in April, 1993.[8] Hamas ceased the attacks in 2005 and renounced them in April 2006.[9] Hamas has also been responsible for Israel-targeted rocket attacks, IED attacks, and shootings, but reduced most of those operations in 2005 and 2006.[10]

In January 2006, Hamas was successful in the Palestinian parliamentary elections, taking 76 of the 132 seats in the chamber, while the previous ruling Fatah party took 43.[11] After Hamas's election victory, violent and non-violent infighting arose between Hamas and Fatah.[12][13] Following the Battle of Gaza in June 2007, elected Hamas officials were ousted from their positions in the Palestinian National Authority government in the West Bank and replaced by rival Fatah members and independents. Hamas retained control of Gaza.[14][15] On June 18, 2007, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas (Fatah) issued a decree outlawing the Hamas militia.[16] Israel immediately thereafter imposed an economic blockade on Gaza, and Hamas has repeatedly launched rocket attacks upon areas of Israel near its border with Gaza because of the blockade.[17] After the end of a 5-month ceasefire the conflict escalated, and Israel invaded Hamas-ruled Gaza in late December, 2008. The Gaza conflict concluded in mid-January, 2009.[18]

Through its funding and management of schools, health-care clinics, mosques, youth groups, athletic clubs and day-care centers, Hamas by the mid-1990s had attained a "well-entrenched" presence in the West Bank and Gaza.[19] An estimated 80 to 90 percent of Hamas revenues fund social welfare, cultural, and educational services.[20][21][22]

Hamas's charter calls for replacing the State of Israel with a Palestinian Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.[23] However, Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the Hamas government in Gaza, stated in 2008 that the group was willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and has offered Israel a long-term truce.[24] Hamas describes its conflict with Israel as political and neither religious[25] nor antisemitic.[26][27] However, the Hamas Charter and public statements by several prominent members of Hamas reflect the influence of antisemitic conspiracy theories.[28] On the other hand, the head of the political bureau of Hamas stated that their conflict with Israel "is not religious but political", and that the Jews have a covenant from God " that is to be respected and protected." [25]

Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by Canada,[29] the European Union,[30][31][32] Israel,[33] Japan,[34] and the United States.[35] Australia[36] and the United Kingdom[37] list only the military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, as a terrorist organization. The United States and the European Union have implemented restrictive measures against Hamas on an international level.[38][39]

 

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